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Armi portatili ed Artiglirie:
https://ia601401.us.archive.org/23/items/S...20portatili.pdf
altre letture interessanti:
www.earmi.it/libri.html. -
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Mi par di capire che il World Defence Almanac andava ordinato entro il 15 maggio 2015 .... e che ora non ci sia più nulla da fare.
www.monch.com/mpg/publications/military-technology
Era fatto molto bene anche il dizionario di Luttwk e Koehl ma risale al 1992 e non mi risulta che sia stato più aggiornato e ristampato .... -
liberut FD.
User deleted
Devo ordinarlo anche io.
Possibilmente da un sito italiano.
Spero il sig. Ebonsi ci voglia dare qualche indicazione.
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Cercando "World Defence Almanac" con Google sui siti italiani non viene fuori praticamente nulla, salvo che su Libreria universitaria dove pare ordinabile quello del 2013.
L'alternativa potrebbe essere Military Balance dell' IISS ma costa almeno 433 euro e va ordinato sul sito inglese ..... oppure tramite la Libreria Militare di Milano presso la quale non appare nel catalogo, ma per telefono mi hanno detto che potevano informarsi ma occorre aspettare almeno un mese e viene a costare circa 500 euro. Quindi molto di più di World Defence Almanac che secondo Ebonsi è meglio. E visto che conosciamo il suo livello di preparazione gli credo. L'unico aspetto che potrebbe rendere appetibile Military Balance è che pare abbiano approfondito la situazione della Russia, che di questi tempi è molto d'attualità. Ma magari hanno approfondito anche in World Defence Almanac. In entrambi i casi dobbiamo tradurre dall' inglese, l' edizione italiana non esiste.
Aspettiamo chiarimenti da Ebonsi ..... che però da una ventina di giorni mi sembra assente dal forum.. -
liberut FD.
User deleted
Il sig. Ebonsi è Compilig Editor del World Defence Almanac! 
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madmikeFD.
User deleted
Notevolissimo il numero di maggio 2015 della Rivista Marittima, uno 'speciale grande guerra' con articoli davvero interessanti.
Consigliato.. -
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qualche anno fa quando ero fresco di laurea scrissi assieme al prof. Walter Cavalieri una monografia sul gerarca fascista Adelchi Serena, ministro dei LLPP e segretario del PNF.
http://www.archiviostorico.info/libri-e-ri...rca-dimenticato
personaggio interessantissimo, uomo di scuola staraciana difficile da etichettare nel classico cliché di squadrista, patriota fervente, fascista convinto ma accanito oppositore delle teorie antisemite e dell'alleanza con la Germania hitleriana.. -
Relop.
User deleted
Avevo avuto il piacere di discutere del personaggio Adelchi Serena col prof. Emilio Gentile, in occasione di un convegno sulle religioni ed avevo letto pochi anni fa' "Il gerarca dimenticato", di Walter Cavalieri e, se non ricordo male, Francesco Marrella.
Mi era del tutto sfuggito che fosse un uomo di scuola staraciana .. qui giace Starace vestito d'orbace di nulla capace ... -
.Avevo avuto il piacere di discutere del personaggio Adelchi Serena col prof. Emilio Gentile, in occasione di un convegno sulle religioni ed avevo letto pochi anni fa' "Il gerarca dimenticato", di Walter Cavalieri e, se non ricordo male, Francesco Marrella.
Mi era del tutto sfuggito che fosse un uomo di scuola staraciana .. qui giace Starace vestito d'orbace di nulla capace ..
Il prof. Emilio Gentile è un'autorità sul fascismo, il massimo studioso vivente
Serena considerò per tutta la vita Starace come il suo mentore, proprio il fatto di essere uno staraciano a di aver maturato una capillare conoscenza della pachidermica struttura del PNF negli anni in cui fu vice di Starace furono i fattori determinanti a innalzare Serena a numero 2 del regime per rimediare alla disastrose gestione Muti del PNF.
ps
mi fa molto piacere che abbia letto il nostro libro, spero solo non si sia annoiato troppo!!!
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Relop.
User deleted
A me il libro è piaciuto.
Complimenti!
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Il WDA é finalmente in stampa (ho appena firmato le ultime bozze) e sarà disponibile a metà luglio. Andrebbe ordinato tramite e-mail alla Mönch in modo da permettere loro di emettere una fattura, ma se vi rivolgete alla RID penso che saranno disposti a semplificarvi le cose.
Come assaggino, questo è il capitolo "Russia" nel WDA 2015. Tenete presente che questo è il testo originale del Febbraio di quest'anno; mancano tutte le informazioni relative alla famiglia ARMATA, Kurganets, Bumerang ecc. che ho naturalmente aggiunto in bozza.
Russian
Federation
Head of State, Chairman of the
Security Council and Chairman
of the Council of the Heads of Republics
of the Russian Federation:
President Vladimir V. Putin
Prime Minister:
Dmitry A. Medvedev
Deputy Prime Minister in charge of the
Defence Industry and Military Procurement:
Dmitry O. Rogozin
Defence Minister:
Army Gen. Sergey K. Shoigu
First Deputy Defence Minister
and Chief of the General Staff:
Army Gen. Valery V. Gerasimov
Commander-in-Chief of the Army:
Col.Gen. Oleg Salyukov
Commander-in-Chief of the Navy:
Adm. Viktor V. Chirkov
Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force:
Lt.Gen. Viktor N. Bondarev
Commander of the Strategic Missile Forces:
Lt.Gen. Sergei Karakajev
Commander of the Aerospace Defence
Forces:
Maj.Gen. Aleksandr V. Golovko
Commander of the Airborne Force:
Lt.Gen. Vladimir Shamanov
Director General Rosoboronexport:
Anatoly P. Isaykin
NB: Defence Minister
Ministry of Defence
ul. Znamenka, 19
K-160 103160 Moscow
Russian Federation
Tel.: +7-495-2968900, -2935683
Fax: +7-495-2968900
E-Mail: [email protected]
Defence Export Organisation
Rosoboronexport Corporation
Stromynka Street 27
107076 Moscow
Russian Federation
Tel.: +7- 495-5346183
Fax : +7-495-5346153
General Data
Area: 17,1091,200 sq.km (including Sevastopol and Crimea); 8% arable, 5% meadows and pastures, 45% forest and woodland, 42% other.
Coastline: 38,000km+ (including Sevastopol and Crimea).
Maritime claims: Territorial waters 24km (12nm), EEZ 370km (200nm), continental shelf -200m or to depth of exploitation.
Population: 146+ million (official estimate as of December 2014, including Crimea and Sevastopol); annual growth rate -0.03% (2014 est.). The population is Russian 79.8%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 2%, Bashkir 1.2%, Chuvash 1.1%, other or unspecified 12.1%.
Religions: Majority Russian Orthodox, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)
Language: Russian (official), other.
Literacy rate: 99.7%.
Government
Long-form or legal name: Russian Federation (Rossiiskya Federatsiya).
Type of government: Federation. Strong Presidential system.
Administrative divisions: 49 districts (oblasts), 1 autonomous district, 22 republics, 10 autonomous territories (okrugs), 2 federal cities.
NB: Following a referendum in March 2014, Crimea seceded from Ukraine and joined the Russian Federation.
Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts.
Branches of government: President elected by popular vote; Prime Minister and Cabinet appointed by the President with legislative approval; bicameral legislative (178-seat Council of the Federation, 450-seat State Duma); judiciary headed by Constitutional Court. The President appoints the Prosecutor General and the judges of the main law courts, subject to approval by the Council of the Federation.
NB: A constitutional amendment was approved in July 2014, whereby the composition of the Council of the Federation will be increased by 10%.
Suffrage: Universal over age 18.
Member of: UN, CIS, OSCE, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), CSTO, Euro-Asiatic Economic Union and others. A “Union Treaty” with Belarus calls for very close economic, political and military cooperation ties between the two countries. Signatory of the Adapted CFE Treaty, but participation suspended as of December 2007. The NATO-Russia Council has been dissolved.
Economy
GDP: US$2.553 trillion (2013 est.), US$18,100 per capita; real growth rate 1.3% (2013 est.).
Balance of trade: Imports, US$334.7 billion; exports, US$529.6 billion (2012 est.).
Budget: Revenues, US$439 billion; expenditures, US$450.3 billion (2013 est.).
Defence
Doctrine:
[For a review of the past evolution of the Russian military doctrine through documents released in 1993, 1997, 2000, 2003 and 2010, see previous issues of the WDA].
A new “Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation” was approved on 25 December 2014 to replace the February 2010 document and reflect “the changing nature of military threats.” The main such threats are listed to include: the “dramatic worsening” of the military-political situation in international relations, and the creation of conditions for the use of military force; attempts at “obstructing the work of the system of state and military administration of the Russian Federation,” and at impairing the effectiveness of the country’s nuclear deterrent; the “building and preparation of illegal military formations” that are active in Russia and neighboring countries; and “the demonstration of military force in the course of exercises on the territory of states bordering on the Russian Federation and its allies.”
A strong emphasis is placed on the mounting threat posed by the West, to include most notably NATO’s aggressive moves to extend its military infrastructure toward Russian borders as well as efforts to destabilise Russia and neighbouring countries, with the esblishment in such countries of new governments that “implement policies that are hostile to Russia's interests."
In terms of strategic forces, the new Doctrine does not introduce changes to the previous policy, whereby that Russia would employ nuclear weapons only in retaliation for the use of nuclear or other WMD against Russia or its allies, but reserves the right to use nuclear weapons first when a conventional attack by an aggressor proves so effective as to endanger the Russian state. Russia will, however, counter the attempts by “other states” to gain strategic superiority by deploying strategic missile defence systems, weapons in space, or conventional high-precision weapons capable of achieving results previously requiring nuclear weapons.
Structure:
The President of the Russian Federation is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armed Forces, and has powers to order mobilisation and declare war. The President names and heads the Security Council, and appoints senior military commanders without Parliament approval. The President also has the authority to deploy Russian forces abroad to “rebuff or prevent an aggression against another state” or “protect Russian citizen abroad” without the need for Parliament’s approval.
Parliament is responsible for defining the military policy of the country and adopting the basic provisions of the military doctrine of the Russian Federation. The Government bears responsibility for the status of the armed forces, and prepares the draft defence budget to be submitted to the Parliament.
The Ministry of Defence and the General Staff provide centralised command and control. A group of eight senior leaders report directly to the Minister of Defence and advice him on the matters in their purview. Thus, they share responsibility for the MOD’s goals, missions, and efforts. These are:
- The Chief of the General Staff (CGS) is the second post within the Russian MOD and the first with the General Staff, Russian Defence HQs. CGS has primary responsibility for the Russian Armed Forces readiness and proper employment, provides command over the Armed Forces, and acts as a principal military advisor to the Minister of Defence.
- The MOD State Secretary is an assistant to Minister of Defence on law matters and supervises the MOD and Armed Forces personnel policy.
- The five Chiefs of MOD Services have primary responsibility for their respective fields of activity (arms acquisition, troops accommodation, logistics and procurement, MOD and Armed Forces budgeting).
- The Chief Executive of the Minister’s Office is in charge of Minister of Defence’s personal staff of professional military and civilian assistants.
The Land Forces, Naval Forces (VMF) and Air Forces (VVS) have the status of Services (Major Commands), while the Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN), Aerospace Defence Forces (KVO) and Airborne Forces (VDV) Troops are organised as Arms (Commands).
Four Military Districts/Joint Strategic Commands (MD/OSK) headquartered in St. Petersburg (West), Rostov-on-Don (South), Yekaterinburg (Centre) and Chabarovsk (East) have military authority over all forces deployed in their areas of responsibility (including not only Land Forces, Air Bases and Fleets, but also Internal Security Troops, Border Troops and Federal Security Service), but for forces which are subordinate to a central Command (e.g., strategic nuclear forces, airborne forces and aerospace defence forces). A unified logistic service is in place for the Defence Ministry, the Interior Ministry and the Federal Border Guard Service.
Nuclear Release Policy: So-called “nuclear suitcases”, containing the codes to authorise the launch of nuclear weapons, are held by the President, the Minister of Defence and the Chief of General Staff, with the consent by at least two of them being required for weapons release. The current Minister of Defence, Sergey Shoigu is a civilian construction engineer by his trade with no previous significant military experience, but he received the rank of an Army General upon his appointment, specifically in order to empower him to give nuclear-related orders to the Armed Forces.
Armed Forces Mission:
Modern Russian defence planning, while being reflective of the realistic grasp of Russia’s current resources and capabilities, is based on the assumption that the Russian Armed Forces together with other national troops should be prepared to repel aggression and rout the aggressor. Besides, the Russian Armed Forces should be ready to mount active (offensive and defensive) operations under any scenario of armed conflicts being unleashed and carried on in the conditions of the adversary resorting to massive use of modern and advanced lethal weapons, with assorted WMDs making no exception.
Notably, the Russian Armed Forces should maintain the capability to:
- <i>effectively wage two concurrent armed conflicts <p>of any type through the use of ready forces, while sustaining the strategic deterrence capability, maintaining readiness of the forces (other troops) and refraining from engaging call-up reinforcements. In addition, the Russian Armed Forces should command the capability to conduct peacekeeping missions, while operating either as part of a multinational contingent or unassisted;
- <i>undertake strategic deployments <p>to put in check escalation of tensions by way of assuring availability of the strategic deterrence weapons and manoeuvring the committed ready forces in the event of rising military-political and strategic threats.
- <i>beat back aerospace aggression <p>in wartime through the use of available forces, and concurrently prosecute two local wars following completion of the full-fledged strategic deployment of the Russian Armed Forces.
NB: The Russian Federation has suspended participation to the Adapted CFE Treaty. The equipment deployment limitations resulting from the Treaty no longer apply, and thus are not listed here.
NB: The CIS Collective Security Treaty includes Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan. Russian troops and border guard forces are permanently deployed in Armenia (until 2044), Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan (until 2060), Abkhazia (49- year free lease) and South Ossetia (99-year free lease) under a number of corresponding bilateral agreements.
Total active manpower: 1,000,000 (target figure).
Paramilitary forces: 160,000 Internal Security Troops (MVD)(under the Ministry of Interior)(target figure), 240,000 Border Troops (directly under the President)(target figure), 80,000 Federal Security Service (guard and escort duties)(target figure).
Conscription: 12 months (alternative civil service 24 months). A mixed conscription/professional system is currently being maintained.
Defence budget: 3,286.8 trillion (some US$48.5 billion)(2015 budget). A 10% reduction may be introduced due to the impact of falling oil prices.
Strategic Forces
Personnel: About 120,000 (includes the RVSN proper plus strategic units of the VVS and VMF).
Structure:
Only land-based ICBMs are operated directly by the RVSN. The current structure is on three missiles armies, the 27th (Guards) Missile Army (HQ Vladimir), the 31st Missile Army (HQ Orenburg) and the 33rd (Guards) Missile Army (HQ Omsk) with a total of 11 divisions.
Arms Reduction Treaties:
A New START Treaty was signed in Prague on 8 April 2010, and it entered into force on 5 February 2011 following completion of the ratification process by both parliaments. Under New START, the US and Russia will be limited to significantly fewer strategic arms within seven years from the date the Treaty entered into force (i.e., by early 2018). Each Party has the flexibility to determine for itself the structure of its strategic forces within the aggregate limits of the Treaty. The main provisions of New START are as follows:
Aggregate limits:
- 1,550 deployed warheads. Warheads on deployed ICBMs and deployed SLBMs count toward this limit and each deployed heavy bomber equipped for nuclear armaments counts as one warhead toward this limit;
- A combined limit of 800 deployed and non-deployed ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, and heavy bombers equipped for nuclear armaments;
- A separate limit of 700 deployed ICBMs, deployed SLBMs, and deployed heavy bombers equipped for nuclear armaments.
The Treaty does not establish limits for nuclear-tipped cruise missiles.
Verification and Transparency: The Treaty has a verification regime that combines the appropriate elements of the 1991 START Treaty with new elements tailored to the limitations of the Treaty.
Measures under the Treaty include on-site inspections and exhibitions, data exchanges and notifications related to strategic offensive arms and facilities covered by the Treaty, and provisions to facilitate the use of national technical means for treaty monitoring.
To increase confidence and transparency, the Treaty also provides for the exchange of telemetry.
Treaty Terms: The Treaty’s duration will be ten years (i.e. it is to expire in February 2021), unless superseded by a subsequent agreement. The Parties may agree to extend the Treaty for a period of no more than five years. The Treaty includes a withdrawal clause that is standard in arms control agreements.
Forces Level:
Total Inventory: 1,643 deployed warheads on a total of 528 deployed ICBMs, deployed SLBMs and deployed heavy bombers (official figure as of 1 September 2014, based on New START counting procedures).
Land-based (Strategic Missile Forces):
(Estimated figures as of January 2015)
Some 300 operational missile systems with a total of up to 1,100+ warheads. These include: 40+ R-36M2 VOYEVODAs (SS-18)(400+ warheads), 55+ UR-100NUTTH (SS-19)(330+ warheads), 70- RS-12M TOPOL SS-25)(land-mobile)(single warhead), 60 RS-12M2 TOPOL-M (SS-27) (silos-based)(single warhead), 18 RT-12M2 TOPOL-M (land-mobile)(single warhead), 50+ RS-24 YARSs (both land-mobile and silos-based)(200+ warheads).
NB: Operational deployment of the RS-24 YARS, a redesigned version of the TOPOL-M carrying a MIRV payload with 4 warheads, is underway (both land-mobile and silos-based versions) to progressively replace the TOPOL. A railway-mobile version, designated BARGUZIN in under development.
The new RS-26 RUBEZH land-mobile system is under development, and is tentatively planned to be deployed in 2015-2016. A programme is underway for the development of a new-generation liquid-fuel silos-based ICBM featuring enhanced capabilities to break trough missile defence networks. The new missile, designated SARMAT is to eventually replace the silos-based R-36M/M2.
Sea Launched:
(Actual SSBN figures and estimated SLBM/warhead figures based on New START Treaty counting procedures, as of January 2015)
11 SSBNs with up to 16 SLBMs each and up to 814 warheads (theoretical), as follows:
3 BOREY class with R-30 BULAVAs (6 warheads)
6 DELTA IV class with R-29Ms (4 warheads)
2- DELTA III class with R-29Rs (3 warheads)(being withdrawn).
NB: An additional 5 BOREY class boats are under construction or on order, and the entire 8-submarine class is expected to be in service by 2020. The 2 remaining DELTA III boats are expected to be withdrawn in 2015-2016.
NB: The new SEVERODVINSK-class SSGNs have 8 vertical launch tubes for the new CALIBER supersonic cruise missile. This will be deployed with either a conventional warhead (enabling a 2,500km range) or a 1Kton nuclear warhead with an unspecified inferior range.
Air-launched:
(Estimated figures as of January 2015)
68 bombers (13 Tu-160s and 55 Tu-95SMs) that can carry gravity bombs as well as the Kh-55 (AS-15) cruise missile. The Kh-101/Kh-102 family of long-range cruise missiles is entering service to supplement and eventually replace the Kh-55/Kh-555.
Strategic Defences:
(Under the Aerospace Defence Forces)
The A1 GALOSH ABM network around Moscow has been extensively modified. The 36 51T6 GORGON missiles have been withdrawn, leaving 64 53R6 GAZELLEs in service which are no longer fitted with nuclear warheads. Several S-300 PMU-2, Antey 2500 (improved S-300V) and S-400 land-mobile batteries are deployed.
Space-based Assets:
As of 31 July 2014 Russia had [at least] 82 military satellites in orbit (this includes satellites with a unique military function as well as dual/use satellites however operated and controlled by the KVO or other structures within the MOD, while government non-military satellites and dual-use satellites operated by commercial organisations are not listed), including: 32 GLONASS-series (global positioning system), 2 KOBALT (a.k.a. YANTAR)(photo imaging reconnaissance), 1 KONDOR (radar imaging reconnaissance), 2 US-KS OKO (early warning), 1 LOTOS-S (electronic intelligence), 3 MERIDIAN (communications), 18 RODNIK (communications), 10 PARUS (navigation/communications), 1 PERSONA-2 (optical imaging reconnaissance), 2 RADUGA (communications), 1 TSELINA (radio surveillance), 9 STRELA (communications).
NB: All Russian military satellites and their payload are officially designated with a progressive KOSMOS-series number in launch order. These are not used here to prevent confusion, as two successive KOSMOS designations my actually refer to very different systems.
NB: The above list should be interpreted as reflecting capabilities rather than individual spacecraft, as surveillance satellites in particular have a lifespan of a few months.
Land Forces
Personnel: Estimates vary from as low as 300,000 up to 400,000.
Structure: The 4 MD/OSKs have a total of 10 Army HQs (two each in the Western, Central and Southern OSKs, four in the Eastern), as follows:
MD/OSK West: 6th and 20th Army
MD/OSK Centre: 2nd and 41st Army
MD/OSK South: 49th and 58th Army
MD/OSK East: 5th, 29th, 29th and 36th Army.
It is not yet possible to present a coherent list of the operational units under each OSK. The divisional command level has been abolished and replaced by a structure based on independent brigades, which however is some cases maintain the honours and traditions of previous divisions. In 2013-2014, however, a few divisional commands appear having been reinstated.
A total of 40 brigades were deployed by the end of 2012, including 4 tank brigades, 35 mechanised infantry brigades, 1 fortress brigade. The 35 mechinf brigades are to be reorganised into light, medium and heavy brigades by 2015. Current plans call for an additional 26 brigades to be formed by 2020.
Airborne Forces Command (VDV):
Personnel: Some 40,000 (see notes)
Structure:
7th Air Assault Division
76th Air Assault Division
98th Airborne Division (brigade level)
106th Airborne Division (brigade level)
31st Independent Brigade
45th Spetsnaz Regiment.
NB: A large-scale expansion programme is underway. Personnel is to grow to 72,000, with the divisions receiving an additional (3rd) manoeuvre regiments while the Spetsnaz Regiment will be reconfigured as a brigade and additional brigade-level units will be created.
Equipment:
MBTs: Active fleet: Some 3,500 T-80s, 9,000 T-72s, some 300 T-90s. Many T-62s, T-64s and T-54/55s are still stored.
Armoured cars: Some 2,000 BRDMs
AIFVs and APCs: Some 25,000 BMP-1/-2s, some 700 BMP-3s, some 25,000 BTR-50/-60/-70/-80/-152s, 2,000 BMDs, 4,000 MT-LBs, 358 IVECO MLV protected carriers
Artillery: Some 40,000 122mm, 130mm, 152mm towed, 122mm and 152mm SP guns and howitzers
Mortars: 14,000 82mm, 120mm, 160mm and 240mm; about 1,100 gun/mortars
MRLs: 7,500 122mm, 140mm, 220mm and 240mm, SMERCH (TORNADO) 300mm, TOS-1 BURATINO
RLs: 40mm RPG-7, 64mm RPG-15, 73mm RPG-16
ATK guns: 8,000 57mm, 76mm, 85mm, 100mm towed and ASU-57/85 SP guns
ATGW: AT-2 SWATTER, AT-3 SAGGER, AT-4 SPIGOT, AT-5 SPANDREL, AT-6 SPIRAL, AT-7 SAXHORN, AT-8 SONGSTER, AT-10, AT-11, KORNET, KHRIZANTEMA
SSM: Some 600 SS-21 TOCHKAs, ISKANDER Ms (see notes)
SAM: Some 500 SA-4s, 400 SA-6s, 400 SA-8s, 200 SA-9s, 250 SA-11s, 100 SA-12s, 350 SA-13s, 100 SA-15s, SA-16/-18/-19.
NB: Development of a new unified AFV family (including most notably the T-99 ARMATA MTB and the KURGANETS IFV) is underway. The new BTR-82 wheeled APC is in series production. Procurement of the ISKANDER-M tactical ballistic missile system is underway to re-equip a total of five brigades. The new SMERCH-G 122mm MRL system is being introduced to progressively replace the older GRAD system. Up to 1,500 BMD-4M tracked IFVs and 2,500 BTR-MD RAKUSHKA tracked APCs are to be procured by 2025 to support the expansion of the Airborne Forces Command.
Army Aviation:
The process for Army Aviation to be brought back under Army’s control is expected to be completed during 2015. A total of 18 new Army Aviation Brigades are being created, and will be assigned under the four MD/Joint Strategic Commands.
Equipment is estimated to include a total of some 1,500 helicopters (only half of which are reported to be operational). The bulk of the fleet is represented by some 700 Mi-24P/V/PN attack helicopters (see notes) and as many Mi-8 transports, plus a few dozen Mi-26s. Both the Ka-52 and the Mi-28N combat helicopter are being introduced.
NB: Re-deliveries of Mi-24 combat helicopters upgraded to the Mi-24PN configuration are underway. Deliveries of a first series-production batch of 20 Mi-28N combat helicopters are being completed, and a tentative procurement goal of 167 helicopters has been formulated. 12 Ka-52 combat helicopters are being delivered, and a second batch of 30 aircraft might follow (projected requirement 152). As many as 400 Mi-8 helicopters are expected to be upgraded to the Mi-8 AMTSh or Mi-8 MTV5-1 configuration by 2020.
Navy
Personnel: About 105,000 (target figure).
Organisation:
Four main Fleets: Black Sea (with command in Sevastopol)(under MD/OSK South), Baltic (Kaliningrad)(under MD/OSK West), Pacific (Vladivostok)(under MD/OSK East), Northern (Severomorsk), plus a flotilla on the Caspian Sea. The fleets are directly under the C-in-C of the respective Joint Strategic Commands. The Fleets each have a number of Divisions.
Aircraft carriers:
1 ADMIRAL KUZNETSOV class
Cruisers:
1 (+1) PYOTR VELIKIY (nuclear powered)
(see notes)
3 MOSKVA class (ex-SLAVA class)
1 KERCH class (KARA class)
NB: The PYOTR VELIKIY-class nuclear powered cruiser, ADMIRAL NAKHIMOV is being refurbished and upgraded and will return to service in 2018.
Destroyers:
1 ADMIRAL CHEBANENKO (UDALOY II type)
7 UDALOY class (+1 reserve)
5 SOVREMENNY class (+ 5 reserve)
NB: Plans have been formulated for a new class of 9,000 tons destroyers (Project 21956).
1 Frigates:
2 NEUSTRASHIMY class
3 KRIVAK I/II/III class (+ 4 reserve)
2 TATARSTAN class
NB: The ADMIRAL GORSHKOV, first ship in the new Project 22350 class of frigates (4,500 tons) is scheduled to be delivered in late 2015. Three follow-on ships are under construction, and another four are planned.
Six Project 11356 frigates (ADMIRAL GRIGOROVICH class, similar to the Indian Navy TALWAR class) have been ordered, and the first two ships are fitting out.
The TATARSTAN is the first ship in a new class of light frigates (Project 11660, “Gepard” class). A second unit, DEGESTAN is under construction.
Corvettes:
4+4 STEREGUSHCHIY class (see notes)
Some 7-8 GRISHA I/II/III/IV/V class
(+ some 20 reserve)
8 PARCHIM class (+ 4 reserve)
10 TARANTUL I/II/III class
6 NANUCHKA I/III class
2 DERGACH class (hydrofoil)
NB: Four additional STEREGUSHCHIY-class multi-purpose corvettes (Project 20380/20385) are under construction. Six Project 22160 patrol corvettes (VASILY BYKOV class) are on order, with the first two ships under construction and a series of 12 planned. This programme appears to replace an earlier order for an additional six STEREGUSHCHIYs.
Submarines (SSBNs):
3+5 YURI DOLGORUKY class (Project 955 “Borey”)
1 TYPHOON class (ex-SSBN test boat)
6 DELTA IV class
2- DELTA III class (to be withdrawn)
NB: See also under the “Strategic Forces” heading.
Submarines (SSGNs):
4 OSCAR II class
2 SIERRA I/II class
1+4 SEVERODVINSK class (Project 885, a.k.a. “Yasen” class)
NB: SEVERODVINSK was formally commissioned in June 2014, and an additional four boats are under construction.
Submarines (SSNs):
6 AKULA I/AKULA II class (+ 9 reserve)
Patrol submarines (conventional propulsion):
1+2 St. PETERSBURG class (see notes)
9 KILO class (+ 8 reserve)
2+4 NOVOROSSIYSK class (see notes)
NB: Construction of the 2nd and 3rd St. PETERSBURG class boats (Project 677, a.k.a. “Lada” class) resumed in 2014, and additional orders are expected. Deliveries of 6 NOVOROSSIYSK class boats (Project 636M, a.k.a. “Varshavyanka” class) are to be completed by 2016.
Research submarines (nuclear propulsion):
1 KALITKA (a.k.a. “Losharik”)(Project 10831)
1 ORENBURG (converted DELTA III SSBN)(KALITKA carrier)
Light forces:
2+5 GRAD SVIYAZHSK class littoral patrol vessels (Project 21631, ak.a. “Buyan-M” class)
9 MURAYEV class attack hydrofoils
8 MATKA class FAC missile hydrofoils
3 BABOCHKA class FAC hydrofoils
24 PAUK I/II (patrol)
30 SVETLYAK class
20 STENKA class
3+? ASTRAKAN class river gunboats
NB: The GRAD SVIYAZHKY class patrol vessels are intended for the Caspian Flotilla.
Mine warfare forces:
12 EVGENYA class
30 NATYA class
51 SONYA class
2 GORYA class
11 LIDA class
NB: The first unit in a new class of MCMVs (Project 12700, ALEXANDER OBUKHOV class) is a sea trials for delivery during 2015.
Amphibious forces:
19 ROPUCHA class
7 ALLIGATOR class LSTs
4-5 POLNOCNY class LCTs
NB: Two French-built MISTRAL-type LHAs (VLADIVOSTOK class) were to be delivered in 2014 and 2015, respectively, but deliveries have been stopped by the French government. The first vessel in a series of new 6,000 tons landing ships (Project 11711, IVAN GREN class) is to be commissioned in 2015, and a second unit has been ordered. A new series of 120-ton SES landing craft (DYUGON-class, Project 21820 or 21821) is being introduced.
Air Cushion Vehicles:
10 POMORNIK class
13 GUS class
9 AIST class
8 MURENA class
2 LEBED class
1 UTKA class WIG
2 DRAKON class (WIG)
Major auxiliaries and support ships:
4 BORIS CHILIKIN class AOs, 2 UGRA class and
1 DON class submarine tenders, 2 DON class, 13 SUSANIN icebreakers, 5 LAMA and 3 AMGA class (missile support).
Naval Aviation:
Fighters: 12 Su-33s (shipborne)(see notes)
ASW: 30 Tu-142 BEAR Fs, 30 Be-12 MAILs, 25 Il-38/38N MAYs; 20 Mi-14 HAZE, 20 Ka-25 HORMONE-A and 100 Ka-27 HELIX helicopters
Transport: 4 Tu-134s, 31 An-12 CUBs, 12 An-24 COKEs, 39 An-26 CURL, 2 An-72s, 1 An-140
Recce/EW/Targeting: 15 Tu-142Ds, 7 An-12s, 6 Su-24s
Helicopters: (in addition to those listed under ASW): some 63 Mi-8s and 9 Mi-14s.
NB: 20 MiG-29Ks and 4 MiG-29KUBs are being delivered by 2015 to replace the Su-33s onboard the ADMIRAL KUZNETSOV carrier. 12 Su-30SM are on order, with deliveries underway. The Il-38s are being progressively upgraded to the Il-38N configuration, with redeliveries underway. Six Beriev Be-200 amphibians are being delivered by 2015-16 for SAR roles.
32 Ka-52K (combat) helicopters were ordered to equip the VLADIVOSTOK-class LHAs, but the status of the programme is now uncertain.
Naval Infantry: some 8,000.
Structure:
1 reduced-level marine infantry division (55th Division)(subordinate to the Pacific Fleet Command) with 3 marine infantry regiments, 1 tank regiment (3 battalions), 1 artillery regiment (1 SP, 1 tube and 1 MRL battalions), 1 air defence battalion, 1 engineer battalion 2 independent marine infantry brigades: 61st Brigade “Kirkinesskaja” (Northern Fleet), 336th Brigade “Belostoskaja” (Baltic Fleet)
1 independent marine infantry regiment
(Black Sea Fleet)
1 independent marine infantry company
(Caspian Flotilla)
In addition, each Fleet Command has a Special Forces (Naval “Spetsnaz”) brigade.
Equipment: some 300 MBTs (T-80s and T-72s), 60 BRDM armoured cars, 300 BTR-60/-70/-80 APCs, 300 MT-LBs, some 120 2S1 122mm and 2S3 152mm SP artillery, 50 ZSU-23-4 SPAAGs, SA-7/-8/-9/-13 SAMs. The new BTR-82 wheeled APC is being introduced.
Coastal artillery and rocket troops: 7,000.
NB: The BAL coastal defence system (X-35E anti-ship missiles) is deployed at least in the Kamchatka peninsula and probably in other areas as well. Caspian Flotilla consists of 106th brigade (based in Makhachkala) and 73rd brigade (based in Astrakhan).
Major naval bases: (Northern Fleet) Severomorsk (HQ), Motovskij Gulf, Polyarny, Severodvinsk, Archangelsk; (Baltic Fleet) Baltiysk, Kaliningrad (HQ), Kronstadt; (Black Sea Fleet) Sevastopol (HQ), Poti, Novrissisk; (Pacific Fleet) Vladivostok (HQ), Petrapavlovsk, Sovyetskaya Gavan, additional bases at Korsakov, Providenie, Magadan and Najin.
Federal Border Guards
The Federal Border Guards maintains its Naval Forces, which in peacetime perform Coast Guard duties (however also including the naval task of guaranteeing the security of the maritime borders of the Russian Federation) while in wartime would be absorbed into the Navy. The service has some 15,000 personnel and operates a fleet of 7 modified KRIVAK-class frigates (no ASW missiles), some 20 GRISHA class corvettes, and a number of patrol vessels for fishery protection duties.
Air Force
Personnel: Some 180,000.
Structure:
There is an Air Force Command under each MD (1st Air Force Command under the Western MD, 2nd under the Central MD, 3rd under the Eastern MD, and 4th under the Southern MD), plus the independent Long-Range Aviation Command and Transport Aviation Command. The Commands each encompass several air bases, and each air base is composed of several squadrons. SAM-based air defence structures and assets are under the new Aerospace Defence Command (not part of the Air Force proper).
Equipment:
Fighter/Interceptors: Some 260 MiG-29s (incl. 28 MiG-29 SMTs), 340 Su-27s/Su-27SMs, 12 Su-27SMs, 30+30 Su-30M2s/SMs (deliveries underway, see notes), 122 MiG-31s, 48 Su-35Ss (deliveries underway, see notes)
Bombers: 16 Tu-160/160M BLACKJACKs (see notes), 145 Tu-22M BACKFIREs (including 45 ex-Navy aircraft with Kh-22 missiles), 27+ Tu-95SM BEAR-H6s, 36+ Tu-95SM BEAR-H16s
NB: See notes under the “Strategic Forces” section. The Tu-22Ms are not counted as strategic platforms under START I. A few additional Tu-95s are counted as test vehicles.
Strike/Ground attack: 34+ Su-34s, some 400 Su-24M/M2 FENCERs, some Su-30s, 180 Su-25B/SMs
Reconnaissance/EW: 32 Su-24M2s, some 70 Su-24Ms
AWACS: 15 Il-76s MAINSTAYs
Tanker: 20 IL-78 MIDAS
Transport: Some 700 aircraft: 320+ An-12s, 11 An-124s (see notes), 274 Il-76MDs/TDs/MFs, 100 An-24s, 50 An-32s, 30 An-72s, 20 Tu-134s/154s, 150 L410s.
Trainers include: 48+ Yak-130s (see notes), some 2,000 Yak-52s, L-29/L-39s and 2-seat versions of current types.
Aerospace Defence Forces: (Not part of the Air Force): S-300, 7+ S-400 regiment (see notes), PANTSIR-S (see notes).
NB: A 5th generation fighter aircraft programme (PAK-FA) is being developed in cooperation with India on the basis of the Sukhoi T-50.
48 Su-35S are on order, with deliveries underway. 30 Su-30SM2s have been delivered, and an additional 30 aircraft are order for delivery by 2015. Deliveries of 32 Su-34 strike aircraft have been completed, and a further 92 aircraft are on order for delivery by 2020 to replace the Su-24s. 16 MiG-29SMT fighters are on order, while a programme for the purchase of 37 MiG-35s has been postponed until after 2016.
Plans have been announced for the development of a 5th generation strategic bomber, that is to eventually replace the entire current inventory of Tu-95s, Tu-160s and Tu-22Ms. A requirement has been formulated for a new ground attack aircraft to replace the Su-25.
30 Il-476 transports are on order by 2020. Two Il-96-400TZ tankers are on order.
A batch of 79 Yak-130 advanced trainers are on order (including 12 aircraft to equip a new aerobatic team), with deliveries underway to be completed by 2015. An additional order for 50 aircraft is being negotiated. The new Yak-152 basic trainer is under development.
The S-400 TRIUMF air defence system continues in production, while the new-generation S-500 system is under development, and current plans call for its introduction starting in 2018.. -
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Grazie dell'omaggio che ci ha fatto, signor Ebonsi! . -
zeno_.
User deleted
mille grazie . -
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Grazie Sig Ebonsi. Credo di aver trovato un piccolo refuso:
Four Military Districts/Joint Strategic Commands (MD/OSK) headquartered in St. Petersburg (West), Rostov-on-Don (South), Yekaterinburg (Centre) and Chabarovsk (East) have military authority over all forces deployed in their areas of responsibility (including not only Land Forces, Air Bases and Fleets, but also Internal Security Troops, Border Troops and Federal Security Service), but for forces which are subordinate to a central Command (e.g., strategic nuclear forces, airborne forces and aerospace defence forces).
A occhio dovrebbe essere "but not for". -
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aemmmmmmm.... signori, ho trovato Storia della Marina (Fabbri editore) buttata tra i libri usati del mio edicolante.... 40 euro che BENEDIRO' per sempre
http://www.ebay.it/sch/sis.html?_nkw=STORI...Id=250871430530.
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